Sir John Major’s recent comments, as reported by the BBC, underscore a grim reality: democracy is under siege worldwide. His concerns reflect a time when democratic norms are being eroded by authoritarianism, populism, disinformation, and geopolitical instability. But what exactly are these threats, and how do they compare to the ideals of global democracy as championed by key organizations?
The Vision of Global Democracy
Several organisations are at the forefront of advocating for a more democratic global order. Their visions provide insight into how democracy can be protected and strengthened:
- Global Democracy Initiative promotes leveraging digital platforms to create direct, citizen-driven global governance, bypassing traditional nation-state structures in favour of decentralized, participatory democracy.
- United Nations regards democracy as a fundamental human right, supporting free elections, human rights, and accountable governance. However, as an intergovernmental body, its ability to enforce democratic principles remains constrained by national sovereignty and political interests.
- Democracy Without Borders calls for an institutionalised global democracy, including a reformed and democratised UN that allows direct citizen participation in international decision-making.
While these organisations envision a world where democracy transcends borders, the reality is starkly different. Democracy is in retreat, beset by both internal and external threats.
Key Threats to Global Democracy
- Authoritarianism and Autocracy – Across the world, governments are consolidating power, suppressing dissent, and restricting freedoms. The rise of strongman leaders, who undermine democratic institutions and silence opposition, poses a significant threat—even in nations with long-standing democratic traditions.
- Democratic Backsliding in Established Democracies – Countries once considered bastions of democracy, including the United States, the United Kingdom, and India, face increasing polarisation, erosion of democratic norms, and challenges to free and fair elections.
- Disinformation and Digital Manipulation – The internet, while a tool for free speech, has become a weapon for misinformation, deepfake propaganda, and election interference, eroding public trust in democratic processes.
- Corporate and Elite Influence in Politics – In many nations, democracy is compromised by the disproportionate influence of wealthy elites and corporations, who shape policies to serve their own interests rather than the public good.
- Global Governance Paralysis – Institutions such as the UN and EU struggle to enforce democratic principles effectively, often hindered by authoritarian states wielding influence within these organisations.
- Economic Inequality and Social Unrest – Widening wealth gaps breed public disillusionment with democratic governance. When economic prosperity feels out of reach, citizens may turn to populist leaders promising radical change—often at the cost of democratic freedoms.
- Geopolitical Tensions and Conflicts – The rise of alternative governance models championed by China and Russia challenges the liberal democratic order. Ongoing conflicts in Ukraine, Gaza, and other regions expose democracy’s vulnerability in times of war.
- Climate Change and Resource Scarcity – Environmental crises exacerbate political instability, creating conditions where authoritarian control can thrive under the guise of “emergency measures.” Climate refugees and food shortages may further destabilize democratic governance in fragile regions.
Reforming Global Democracy
To withstand these challenges, democracy must evolve. Here are two key reforms that could strengthen global governance:
- Establishing a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly (UNPA) – A widely discussed reform is the creation of a UN parliamentary assembly, giving global citizens direct representation in international decision-making. This would democratize global governance and counterbalance the dominance of national governments—many of which are authoritarian.
- Implementing Digital Global Voting Platforms – Advances in blockchain and digital security could enable citizens worldwide to vote on key global issues through secure and transparent online platforms. This would allow direct participation in international governance, reducing the risks of state-controlled election manipulation.
A Call to Action
Sir John Major’s warning should serve as a wake-up call. The survival of democracy demands vigilance, reform, and active global engagement. Strengthening democratic institutions, ensuring transparency, and holding leaders accountable are crucial steps in resisting the forces undermining democracy.
Democracy is not an inevitable state; it is a system that must be actively defended. As authoritarianism gains ground, the democratic world faces a defining question: will it unite to uphold democratic principles, or will global democracy continue to erode?
